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<title>Era of Fragmentation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Era of Fragmentation</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Timeline_of_the_Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Timeline of the Era of Fragmentation">Timeline of the Era of Fragmentation</a></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on the</div></th>

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<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of <span class="fn org label">Tibet</span></a></th>

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<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a></li>

<li><a href="Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Ming–Tibet relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">13th and 14th Dalai Lama</a></li>

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See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li></ul></td>

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<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AAsia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChina" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>The <b>Era of Fragmentation</b> (<a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1303208178">

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</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སིལ་ཆད་དུ་འཆད་པ</span>) was an era of disunity in <a href="History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibetan history</a> lasting from the death of the <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>'s last emperor, <a href="Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a>, in 842 until <a href="Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a> became the <a href="Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a> of the three regions of <a href="Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in 1253, following the <a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol conquest</a> in the 1240s. During this period, the political unity of the Tibetan Empire collapsed following the Battle of U-Yor between Yumtän (<i>Yum brtan</i>) and Ösung (<i>’Od-srung</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which followed numerous rebellions against the remnants of imperial Tibet and the rise of regional warlords.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaikGalambos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_war_and_the_decline_of_imperial_Tibet">Civil war and the decline of imperial Tibet</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></div>

<p>The last king of the unified <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, <a href="Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a>, was assassinated in 842 possibly by a Buddhist hermit monk named Pelgyi Dorje of Lhalung,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168–169_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168–169-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stein70-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein70-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other sources state he died from fright. The death left two possible heirs, the two princes Yumtän and Ösung, that fought for the throne and initiated a civil war. This civil war weakened the political authority of the Tibetan monarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-mckay57_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckay57-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dissolving Tibet into separate tribes and small kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakabpa117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The successors of Ösung controlled the western region of <a href="Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a>, while the successors of Yumtän controlled the central region of <a href="%C3%9C_(region)" title="Ü (region)">Ü</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakabpa117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The son of Ösung was Pälkhortsän (<span title="Old Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="otb-Latn">Dpal 'khor brtsan</i></span>) (865–895 or 893–923), who had two sons, Trashi Tsentsän (<span title="Old Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="otb-Latn">Bkra shis brtsen brtsan</i></span>) and Thrikhyiding (<span title="Old Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="otb-Latn">Khri khyi lding</i></span>), also called Kyide Nyigön (<span title="Old Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="otb-Latn">Skyid lde nyi ma mgon</i></span>) in some sources. Thrikhyiding migrated to the western Tibetan region of <a href="Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">upper Ngari</a> (<i>Stod Mnga ris</i>) and married a woman of high central Tibetan nobility, with whom he founded a local dynasty that would go on to create the kingdoms of <a href="Purang-Guge_Kingdom" title="Purang-Guge Kingdom">Purang-Guge</a>, <a href="Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a>, and <a href="Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetech197714–16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetech197714–16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolts_and_autonomy">Revolts and autonomy</h2></div>

<p>The dissolution of a centralized empire returned imperial Tibet to a multitude of separate, autonomous kingdoms, each ruled by a local leader,<sup id="cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakabpa117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were the local polities before <a href="Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a>. The leaders constantly fought for political dominance, utilizing their private armies and military fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakabpa117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 842 and 1247, no central authority was in control of Tibet and relatively smaller kingdoms like <a href="Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a>, <a href="Derge" title="Derge">Derge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Nangchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangchen">Nangchen</a>, and <a href="Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a> (Ladakh) emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period ended with the <a href="Mongol_conquest_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Tibet">Mongol conquest of Tibet</a> and the subsequent <a href="Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan rule of Tibet</a> and patronage of the Sakya school.

</p><p>Traditional accounts of the period focus on religion. The Era of Fragmentation is depicted as a low point in the development of Tibetan Buddhism, with the Nyingma school's monastic orders facing persecution and internal exile. Nyingma monasteries were alleged to have only persevered in <a href="Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>, then largely dominated by non-Tibetan peoples and conquered by a Tibetan polity in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaikGalambos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Amdo and during the brief reign of <a href="Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a>, three Nyingma school monks fled to there, possibly to Mount Dantig. Their disciple Muzu Selbar (<a href="Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mu zu gsal 'bar</i>), later known as the scholar Gongpa Rapsel (<a href="Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>dgongs pa rab gsal</i>, 953-1035<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was responsible for the revival of the Nyingma school and Tibetan Buddhism in Amdo and in northeastern Tibet. The students of Rapsal returned to Ü-Tsang, where they re-propagated the Nyingma lineages and monastic Tibetan Buddhist orders.

</p><p>Modern historians argue that Buddhism was in fact widespread during the fragmentation period, and that local polities shared close relationships with Buddhist monastic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaikGalambos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ladakh_Chronicles" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Ladakh Chronicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Song–Tibet relations</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyavec201560-61-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyavec201560-61_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyavec2015">Ryavec 2015</a>, p. 60-61.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010173_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakabpa2010">Shakabpa 2010</a>, p. 173.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SchaikGalambos-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchaikGalambos_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_SchaikGalambos2011">van Schaik & Galambos 2011</a>, p. 4</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168–169-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987168–169_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, pp. 168–169.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-stein70-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stein70-1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1972">Stein 1972</a>, pp. 70–71</span>

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<li id="cite_note-mckay57-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mckay57_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samten Karmay in <a href="#CITEREFMcKay2003">McKay 2003</a>, p. 57</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shakabpa117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shakabpa117_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakabpa2010">Shakabpa 2010</a>, p. 177</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetech197714–16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetech197714–16_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetech1977">Petech 1977</a>, pp. 14–16.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandala, "Derge", University of Virginia</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFisherRoseHuttenback1963" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963). <i>Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh</i>. Praeger. p. 18.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P1523">"dgongs pa rab gsal"</a>. <i>Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC"><i>The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-691-02469-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2003" class="citation cs2">McKay, Alex (2003), <i>Tibet and Her Neighbors: A History</i>, Walther Konig, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-88375-718-7</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPetech1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Petech, Luciano</a> (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf"><i>The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRyavec2015" class="citation cs2">Ryavec, Karl E. (2015), <i><a href="A_Historical_Atlas_of_Tibet" title="A Historical Atlas of Tibet">A Historical Atlas of Tibet</a></i></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_SchaikGalambos2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">van Schaik, Sam</a>; <a href="Imre_Galambos" title="Imre Galambos">Galambos, Imre</a> (2011), <i>Manuscripts and Travellers: The Sino-Tibetan Documents of a Tenth-Century Buddhist Pilgrim</i>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783110225655</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShakabpa2010" class="citation cs2">Shakabpa, W. D. (2010), <i>One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet</i>, vol. 1, Brill Publishers, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004177888</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStein1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="Rolf_Stein" title="Rolf Stein">Stein, Rolf</a> (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7j758TsI8IC"><i>Tibetan Civilization</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8047-0901-7</bdi></cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tibet_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size: 85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size: 85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li>

<li><a href="Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size: 85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a>

<ul><li><a href="Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a>

<ul><li><a href="Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a>

<ul><li><a href="Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br>conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shenchuan" title="Battle of Shenchuan">Battle of Shenchuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li>

<li><a href="Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li>

<li><a href="Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a>

<ul><li><a href="1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li>

<li><a href="13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li>

<li><a href="29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li>

<li><a href="Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li>

<li><a href="70%2C000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Flora</li>

<li>Fauna</li>

<li>Environment</li>

<li>Mountains

<ul><li><a href="Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li>

<li><a href="Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li>

<li><a href="Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Rivers

<ul><li><a href="Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Valleys</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size: 85%;">(TAR)</span></a>

<ul><li><a href="Tibet_Autonomous_Regional_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Government_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region">People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li>

<li><a href="Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serfs'_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li>

<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People's_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li>

<li><a href="Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li>

<li><a href="Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li>

<li><a href="Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>

<li><a href="Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li>

<li><a href="Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li>

<li><a href="Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Era_of_Fragmentation&oldid=1297760581">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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